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Wind Cave National Park

Daily park-wide climate series from 1980 to 2025, reduced from DAYMET v4 + ERA5-Land over the real PAD-US 4.1 park boundary.

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Annual mean temperature · 1980–2025
Cooler than 1981–2010 baseline Near baseline Warmer than 1981–2010 baseline
19802025

Headline trends

Theil–Sen slope estimates with Mann–Kendall p-values. Trends marked ✓ are statistically significant at the 95% level.

Mean temperature
+0.063°F / yr significant
Total +2.83 °F since 1980 · p = 0.002
Maximum temperature
+0.025°F / yr not sig.
Total +1.12 °F since 1980 · p = 0.256
Minimum temperature
+0.086°F / yr significant
Total +3.87 °F since 1980 · p < 0.001
Precipitation
+2.47mm / yr² not sig.
Total +111.25 mm since 1980 · p = 0.085

Time series & trends

Every variable in the dataset, with its Theil–Sen slope and Mann–Kendall p-value. Click any row to open the annual time series, a 12-month rolling trend (long-term direction without the annual cycle), and a togglable seasonal climatology for three 15-year periods so the shift in seasonal pattern is visible.

Mean temperature +0.063 °F / yr +2.83 p = 0.002 sig.

Annual mean of daily mean near-surface temperature.

Annual mean temperature (°F) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Maximum temperature +0.025 °F / yr +1.12 p = 0.256 not sig.

Annual mean of daily maximum near-surface temperature.

Annual maximum temperature (°F) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Minimum temperature +0.086 °F / yr +3.87 p < 0.001 sig.

Annual mean of daily minimum near-surface temperature.

Annual minimum temperature (°F) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Precipitation +2.47 mm / yr² +111.25 p = 0.085 not sig.

Annual total precipitation.

Annual precipitation (mm / yr) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Actual evapotranspiration -1.69 mm / yr² -76.06 p = 0.047 sig.

Annual total actual evapotranspiration (ERA5-Land).

Annual actual evapotranspiration (mm / yr) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Potential evapotranspiration +13.62 mm / yr² +612.81 p = 0.006 sig.

Annual total potential evapotranspiration (ERA5-Land).

Annual potential evapotranspiration (mm / yr) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Snow cover -0.23 % / yr -10.29 p = 0.002 sig.

Mean daily snow-cover fraction.

Annual snow cover (%) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Snow depth (water-equivalent) -0.39 mm / yr -17.48 p = 0.002 sig.

Mean daily snow depth expressed as water equivalent.

Annual snow depth (water-equivalent) (mm) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Snowfall (water-equivalent) -1.68 mm / yr² -75.43 p = 0.006 sig.

Annual total water-equivalent snowfall.

Annual snowfall (water-equivalent) (mm / yr) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Snowmelt -1.30 mm / yr² -58.42 p = 0.022 sig.

Annual total snowmelt.

Annual snowmelt (mm / yr) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Shortwave radiation -0.15 W/m² / yr -6.76 p = 0.019 sig.

Mean daily downwelling shortwave radiation.

Annual shortwave radiation (W/m²) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Snow-water equivalent +0.02 mm / yr +0.75 p = 0.428 not sig.

Mean daily snow-water equivalent.

Annual snow-water equivalent (mm) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Vapour pressure +3.2 Pa / yr +139.23 p < 0.001 sig.

Mean daily near-surface water-vapour pressure.

Annual vapour pressure (Pa) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle
Wind speed +0.003 m/s / yr +0.14 p = 0.015 sig.

Mean daily 10-m wind speed.

Annual wind speed (m/s) (Theil–Sen)
Long-term trend (12-month rolling)
Seasonal cycle

Download the data

Everything is open-licensed (MIT). The first two buttons fetch just this park; the third pulls the bulk daily CSV archive from Zenodo, which contains the raw daily series for all 63 parks (≈150 MB).

JSON · this park Summary JSON Annual + seasonal aggregates, MK / Theil–Sen trends, monthly decomposition, climate stripes. GeoJSON · this park Boundary GeoJSON PAD-US 4.1 proclamation polygon, dissolved, simplified to 50 m, in WGS84. Zenodo · all 63 parks Daily CSVs (bulk, ~150 MB) Raw 1980–2025 daily series for every park, gzipped. Use nps.fetch_daily("wind-cave") if you only want this one — see the Data page.

Cite this park

Britton, A., & Pritchard, I. (2026). Wind Cave National Park climate series, in NPS Open Climate Data v1.0.0 [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19823584